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The newest member! The rectenna system is then manufactured and tested. The measured results show that the rectenna has good sensitivity at low input power levels. Considering a similar amount of input power, our measured dc output power is higher than the other results reported.
The outcome of the calculation in the ambient setting i. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 explains the configuration of the proposed dual-polarized multi-frequency bow-tie antenna that includes the design of a dipole shape inside a circle with an inner equilateral triangular shape and its performances.
Section 3 describes the dual-port quad-band rectifier configuration and performance. Section 4 describes the experimental results of the rectenna in the indoor and outdoor ambient environment.
Finally, a conclusion is drawn in Section 5. A self-complementary bow-tie cross dipoles with log-periodic characteristic multi-band antenna is proposed as a receiving unit due to its high bandwidth, omnidirectional radiation pattern, high gain, and multi-beam characteristics.
The antenna is made on a 1. The dimension of the used substrate material is a length of mm 0. The In Figure 1 , the dual pairs of dipole shapes are formed on both sides of the substrate and are perpendicular to each other. The fabricated prototype image of the proposed bow-tie log-periodic characteristic antenna is shown in Figure 2.
The simulated scattering parameter S 11 of the proposed bow-tie cross dipoles multi-band antenna is shown in Figure 3. In order to get higher impedance BW within the range of frequency at MHz to 2. The design process of the proposed antenna; a conversion of the circular shape into bow-tie cross dipole.
Prototype image of the proposed antenna; a front and b backside. The simulated S-parameter of the two different antennas and the comparison between simulated and measured S-parameter of the proposed bow-tie antenna. The radius r of the inner circle is calculated in such a way that it is equal to the height of the triangle. The unequal length of the arms a , b , and c of both front and back-sided triangles is shown in Figure 2 a. In Figure 1 c, the minimum resonant frequency of the self-complementary dipoles length But due to impedance mismatch, the available frequency bands within the range of 0.
In order to increase the value of the scattering parameter of the proposed bow-tie antenna, the diagonal set of dipoles are modified with a triangle inside a circular shape which is connected to a novel co-axial feeding that can produce the dual circular polarized radiation field to progress the performance parameters of self-complementary new dipoles structure. It is noticeable that impedance matching can be achieved by using the co-axial feeding technique. Moreover, a triangle with 2.
The single complementary sets of modified dipole structures are situated in a diagonal position of the proposed antenna. The measured S-parameter of the proposed antenna is showed in Figure 3.
It has been shown that the comparison between simulated and measured s-parameters of the proposed antenna is good in agreement. A circular shape is designed inside the triangle on both the front and backside of the printed circuit board PCB board to occupy the last target frequency band. In order to fulfill the condition for circularly polarized radiation pattern Figure 4 and improve the impedance matching of the bow-tie multi-band antenna, the single complementary pair of the vacant dipole in a single diagonal position and another single pair of modified dipole structure in other diagonal position is placed both upper and bottom layer of the substrate.
Figure 5 shows the simulated and measured evaluation of the realized gains along with the frequency band of the proposed bow-tie antenna. The measured realized gain has achieved a higher gain than the simulated gain in the band of 1. Simulated and measured 2D E and H-field radiation patterns for different frequency bands such as 0.
There are many factors that affect the antenna performances and showed discrepancies between simulations and measurements performances. The most common factors are the fidelity of simulation esp. Maximum and minimum measured gains are reached at 5 and 3. It is observed that the current flows through the dipole structure, but the majority of current particles exist near the joining point of each dipole. Surprisingly, a higher density of current particles flows through the arms of triangle shapes when the frequency level is below 1 GHz, which validates the characteristic of self-complementary in the proposed antenna.
The simulated and measured 2D radiation patterns of E and H-field of the proposed bow-tie antenna at 0. The antenna covers the preferred frequency bands, and it has the broadside directional polarization features for the majority of the resonator bands except 0.
It can be seen that a better front-to-back ratio is obtained at the higher resonance frequency bands. The radiation pattern was gradually distorted with increasing frequency and propagation distance.
Observed features suggest that propagating wave scattering due to small-scale velocity heterogeneity in the crust may be a major cause of this distortion. The effects of propagating wave scattering on apparent primary wave radiation pattern were investigated via 3-D finite difference simulation of EM wave propagation. It was also found that the scattering attenuation of primary wave expected from this heterogeneity is significantly smaller than the apparent primary wave attenuation and S -wave scattering attenuation.
The isotropic pattern is achieved through an excellent choice of the triangle and circular shapes for the antenna; the maximum directivity is slightly deviating from x and y -axis with increasing frequency ranges i.
The surface current distribution at the different frequency bands i. In order to achieve good balancing between antenna and rectifier and mitigate the circuit complexity, a dual-port quad-band rectifier is designed to harvest the RF energy with low power RF density level from the ambient environment. In Figure 7 , the second rectifier is a modified half-wave Greinacher rectifying circuit, and the first rectifier Figure 8 is a conventional voltage doubler rectifying circuit.
With the combination of rectifier circuits 1 and 2, the proposed dual ports rectifier circuit is able to cover the available frequency bands i. By optimizing every branch of the rectifier 1 and 2, the RF-to-DC rectification efficiency is better tuned in receiving a local maximum for every sub-frequency band of interest. The topology of the suggested rectifier is depicted in Figure 9. The connection of two antennas with two ports of the proposed rectifier is not a promising technique for achieving better efficiency because of its relatively small impedance bandwidth and impractical configuration.
Due to the frequency-dependent input impedance of the Schottky diode and the narrow BW performance of common impedance matching networks, it is difficult to achieve large-signal input matching overall available frequency bands, which is crucial to assure the maximum power absorbed by the load. From the literature review of [ 8 , 19 , 35 , 36 ] , single branch multi-band rectifiers are not able to guarantee the coverage of the available, expected frequency bands while allowing for very low ambient RF power operation.
To achieve a high RF-to-dc rectification efficiency of the rectifier over all the frequency bands, two single series diodes have been selected to connect with impedance matching network in parallel, in such a way that each of them operates in a wideband [ 37 ], effectively adjusting the overall frequency band. The scattering parameter files supplied for the surface mount device SMD inductors by the coilcraft HP series manufacturer are introduced in the ADS schematic to ensure the accurate optimization process.
Every Schottky diode is series connected with IMN that are consisting of multi stubs microstrip matching elements i. IMN is designed to transfer the maximum power from the source to the load. At the specific operating frequency range, the impedance between source and load is matched so that impedances are complex conjugate to each other.
There are two ways to design IMN: using lumped components i. In this research, the proposed rectifier consists of a voltage doubler and a half-wave Greinacher rectifier. Here, microstrip matching elements such as radial stub, short stub, and mender line are used to design the IMN because they can transfer maximum power from the source to load.
Moreover, the quality factor Q-factor of such a type of matching network boosts the threshold voltage level and offers the passive and strong amplification of the RF input signal. Similarly, in rectifier 2 the rectifying microstrip matching elements such as radial stub, short stub and, open stub, meander line are used to design IMN for both the first and second branch so that combinedly they can cover GSM , 3G, and Wi-Fi frequency bands.
In this design, the resulting IMN are quad-band MN with better Q-factor concerning wideband design, which is considered in the development of DC- rectification efficiency. It is observed that the modified rectifier topology rectifier 1 and 2 is especially highly sensitive to the losses of the transmission line, which connects the selected diode to the stub of each branch so that it drops maximum voltage.
The simulations are conducted by taking into consideration the high-impedance microstrip transmission lines connected to the ground and the S-parameter files of the inductors supplied by coilcraft. Similarly, the first rectifier circuit voltage doubler rectifier consists of a matching network between rectifier sections so that it can operate in a low-frequency band.
The rotation of the input impedance is in such a way around the center of the smith chart so that the resonance frequencies outside the expected operating sub-band characterized a high impedance.
Study of rectifiers 1 and 2: input reflection coefficient of each frequency band corresponding impedance. The prototype image of the dual-port rectifier is shown in Figure The rectifier topology permits each frequency band to enter the dedicated branch which is optimized to transform it, thus declining the subsequent loss of power.
Figure 12 illustrates the input reflection coefficient for both ports of the rectifier. The optimized load value of the rectifier is 1. Finally, the complete multi-band prototype rectifier is realized with two different types of Schottky diodes two HMSM and two SMS , two Coilcraft inductors, seven capacitors and a single load resistor.
After a fine-optimizing of the value of the different lumped components, which has been performed to compensate for supplementary parasitic elements not incorporated in the simulations such as the soldering effects on the prototype and the connectors affect, and so on , the performance of the rectifier based on a single tone sweep has been examined for different RF power density levels, and the results are reported in Figure 12 , Figure 13 , Figure 14 and Figure The comparison between simulated and measured reflection coefficient of port 1 and port 2 with the variation of RF power density levels.
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