The results confirmed that the outbreaks were due to CHIK virus infection. Thick blood smears were examined for malaria parasiteand none of the blood smears were positive. Mosquito vector in the outbreak areas: Adult mosquito and larval survey were conducted in outbreak affected villages of Cuttack, Nayagarh and Kendrapara districts Table V. Adult mosquitoes were found both in the living rooms and Cattle sheds.
The house, container and Breteau indices calculated were 19, After emergence of CHIK virus infection in the State, it spread widely affecting mostly rural areas from about half of the administrative districts.
These villages were from different physiographic divisions of the State like coastal plane Eastern Orissa , Northern plateau and Eastern Ghat southern Orissa which included both plane and hilly areas and it occurred within a period of one year and nine months.
Clinical attack rate was up to 50 per cent in the different outbreak sites, which was also similar to reports from other States of India showing attack rate up to 45 per cent The seropositivity rate would have been increased if paired sera could be tested from the individual cases. The observed seroprevalence for CHIK IgM antibody varied between 3 to 44 per cent in tested samples from different districts and the overall prevalence rate was Similar seropositivity rates were also noted from other affected States of India 10 , Though the illness was non fatal in all the outbreak sites, morbidity was high with loss of work and population affected rate as high as 50 per cent in the major outbreaks.
Three species of Aedes, i. The house and Breateau indices were observed to be much higher than the recommended indices of 5 and 20 respectively, which might have favoured transmission of the virus within the population Earlier reports had also shown the presence of Aedes species in varying densities in other regions of the State 13 — 16 which indicated potential for spread to other areas.
The CHIK virus is also known to spread through transovarial transmission in the mosquitoes and possible sylvatic cycles All these indicate possibility of spread of the infection to other areas of the region.
Though no community study on seroprevalence of CHIK antibody is available from the State, a cross-sectional survey carried out in Kolkota 10 years ago indicated low level 4.
Hence the reasons for re-emergence of CHIK in the Indian subcontinent though not precisely known, might be due to a variety of social, environmental, behavioural and biological changes 19 , Alternatively, it was expected that the lack of herd immunity probably led to its rapid spread In conclusion, the present report confirmed the emergence of CHIK virus infection in Orissa, India, in and its spread in the s0 tate affecting a wider geographic zone in a shorter period which was facilitated by presence of the Aedes vector species.
The present findings will help the health authorities and the community physicians to keep vigil over the problem and taking steps for early diagnosis of the illness and undertaking preventive measures to curtail morbidity and spread.
The authors wish to acknowledge the team members Shriyut K. Dhala, T. Moharana, R. D Mansingh, S. Beuria, C. Tripathy, B. Pradhan and G. Simachallam of Entomology division for their support and activities during the field survey and laboratory investigation. Authors are also Director, Health Services, Govt. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Indian J Med Res. Dwibedi , J. Sabat , N. Mahapatra , S. Kar , A. Kerketta , R. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. Chikungunya outbreak, South India, Emerg Infect Dis.
Prevalence of chikungunya in urban field practice area of a private medical college, Chennai. Indian J Community Med. Rapid spread of chikungunya virus infection in Orissa: India. Indian J Med Res. Chikungunya outbreaks caused by African genotype, India. Laboratory confirmation of dengue and chikungunya co-infection. Ceylon Med J. An epidemic arbovirosis. Lancet Infect Dis. Prevalence of dengue and chickungunya fever and their co-infection. Indian J Pathol Microbiol.
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Search syntax reference. Significant presence of myalgia, joint swelling, and arthralgia among chikungunya patients with high viral load implied association of disease severity with viral load; requiring vigilance for proper management of infected patients as this disease is highly morbid in nature. However, in addition to chikungunya virus, other viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections also occur during post-monsoon season in India, having overlapping symptoms.
Hence, continuous monitoring of these infections is required for better clinical management of patients. Infect Genet Evol , 12 5 , 29 Mar Cited by: 13 articles PMID: Stock I. Med Monatsschr Pharm , 32 1 , 01 Jan Cited by: 6 articles PMID: Indian J Med Microbiol , 26 1 , 01 Jan Cited by: 62 articles PMID: Lancet Infect Dis , 7 5 , 01 May Cited by: articles PMID: Contact us.
Europe PMC requires Javascript to function effectively. Recent Activity. Search life-sciences literature Over 39 million articles, preprints and more Search Advanced search. Dwibedi B 1 ,. J Sabat Search articles by 'J Sabat'. Sabat J ,. N Mahapatra Search articles by 'N Mahapatra'. Mahapatra N ,. Kar SK ,. Kerketta AS ,. Hazra RK ,. Parida SK ,. Marai NS ,. Beuria MK. Affiliations 1 author 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook.
Methods Upon getting the reports of suspected CHIK like illness in different parts of the State, epidemic investigations were carried out in the outbreak affected villages. Free full text. Indian J Med Res. PMID: Dwibedi , J. Sabat , N. Mahapatra , S. Kar , A. Kerketta , R. Hazra , S. Parida , N. Marai , and M. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Reprint requests : Dr B. Received Apr This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Methods: Upon getting the reports of suspected CHIK like illness in different parts of the State, epidemic investigations were carried out in the outbreak affected villages. Results Outbreak period, area and population affected: Outbreaks of CHIK were recorded from 13 of the 30 districts of Orissa covering 33 revenue blocks and 78 villages. Table I Distribution of Chikungunya outbreaks in different districts of Orissa.
District Block No. Open in a separate window. Name of the district No. Table V Results of survey for Aedes larvae. Districts No. Similar seropositivity rates were also noted from other affected States of India 10 , 11 Though the illness was non fatal in all the outbreak sites, morbidity was high with loss of work and population affected rate as high as 50 per cent in the major outbreaks.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the team members Shriyut K. References 1. Structure and replication of the alphavirus genome. The togaviridae and flaviviridae.
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